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	<title>Articles and Resources - Naimp.com &#187; Education</title>
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		<title>Learn Astrology &#8211; Why Sun Signs Don&#8217;t Always Work</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/learn-astrology-why-sun-signs-dont-always-work.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/learn-astrology-why-sun-signs-dont-always-work.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jun 2008 09:12:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Astrology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Why Some People Don&#8217;t Resemble Their Sun Signs
Why don&#8217;t I resemble my Sun sign?  Learn astrology to find out the answer in these lessons:
Lesson 1:  The Three Circles
In astrology, there are signs, houses, and constellations.  See, you are already learning astrology!
Lesson 2:  The Circle Of Constellations
The zodiac of constellations begins opposite [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Why Some People Don&#8217;t Resemble Their Sun Signs</strong></p>
<p>Why don&#8217;t I resemble my Sun sign?  Learn astrology to find out the answer in these lessons:</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 1:  The Three Circles</strong></p>
<p>In astrology, there are signs, houses, and constellations.  See, you are already learning astrology!</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 2:  The Circle Of Constellations</strong></p>
<p>The zodiac of constellations begins opposite to the star called &#8220;Spica&#8221; Sometimes the circle that begins opposite to Spica is divided into 12 equal parts called &#8220;signs&#8221;.  But these &#8220;signs&#8221; are do not exactly correspond to the sizes and positions of the constellations.</p>
<p>The zodiac of constellations moves about in a circle, slowly.</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 3:  The Circle Of Signs</strong></p>
<p>Another batch of signs begins on the first day of spring.  It, like the other one, is divided into 12 equal parts, also called &#8220;signs.&#8221;</p>
<p>Sometimes signs have been called &#8220;houses.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 4:  The Circle Of Houses</strong></p>
<p>But lately, there is a 3rd circle that has been more commonly called by the name of &#8220;houses.&#8217;  It begins on the eastern horizon.  The eastern and western horizon, and the upper and lower meridian, in sky, are called &#8220;the 4 angles.&#8221;</p>
<p>A meridian is a line from earth&#8217;s pole to pole, in other words north pole, south pole.  This is extended into sky to form a meridian in the sky.</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 5:  Strong And Weak Houses</strong></p>
<p>There are 3 kinds of houses in astrology:</p>
<p>Angular houses are strong.  A planet, sun, or moon is in an angular house as it approaches the 4 angles &#8211; the horizon or the meridian.</p>
<p>Cadent houses are weak.  As a planet &#8220;falls&#8221; away from an angle, it becomes &#8220;cadent&#8221;, which means &#8220;falling&#8221; in the Latin tongue.</p>
<p>Succeedent houses are midway between 2 angles, and are medium in strength.</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 6:  To Where Is All Of This Leading?</strong></p>
<p>So let me remind you why I gave to you so much background.  We are trying to answer the question, &#8220;Why do some folks not resemble their birthday signs?&#8221;  Birthday signs are also called &#8220;Sun&#8217;s signs.&#8221;</p>
<p>A person born when their Sun was in a cadent house has a weaker Sun, and does not resemble their Sun sign, unless strengthened some other way.  This means that only 2 out of 3 people resemble their Sun signs.</p>
<p>What You Can Do If You Keep This In Mind</p>
<p>If you keep this in mind, you can see why some people think that astrology may be bunk.</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 7:  2 Kinds Of Capricorn Suns</strong></p>
<p>Capricorn born in day is different from Capricorn born at night.</p>
<p>Day Capricorns (Sun above horizon) are very ambitious, whereas the night Capricorns just want to have a simple and enjoyable life. This is what I read, and my experience has borne it out, so far.</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 8:  The Elvis Controversy</strong></p>
<p>There has been a controversy about the birth&#8217;s time of Elvis.  2 times have been dug up.  One of the times gives to him Sagittarius rising, and the other gives to him Taurus rising.</p>
<p>If Elvis was born with Sagittarius rising, then he was born at night, and he was not ambitious.  But if he was born with Taurus rising, then he was born in the day, and he was ambitious.</p>
<p>Do you think that Elvis was ambitious?</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 9:  Selective Suns</strong></p>
<p>Each house represents a milieu, for example 3rd house the neighborhood, 5th house the workplace, 9th house college or church, 12th house, privacy or confinement.</p>
<p>When the Sun is in a cadent house, the person is like their Sun sign, but only for that house.  In other words, Sun in Libra in the 6th house, they appear to others as a Libra only when they are in the workplace.</p>
<p>There are some wanderings from this law, and they are able to be read in the chart.</p>
<p>For example, if the Sun conjoins the lord of some other house, then the person is like their Sun sign in that house also.  Same way if Leo is on the cusp of that house.  If Sun is in the 12th house and conjunct to the lord of the 10th house, then the person appears to be a Pisces not only in privacy or intimacy, but also in their public image, which is the 10th house.</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 10:  The First House Could Bump Out The Sun&#8217;s Sign</strong></p>
<p>The Sun is &#8220;powerful&#8221; strong when in Aries or Leo in an angular house.  In other cases, when the Sun is not angular or not in dignities (Aries or Leo), then a number of planets in one&#8217;s first house can be so dominant, that the Sun sign might not be as noticeable as it would be in other charts.</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 11:  Age</strong></p>
<p>Children are more like their Sun signs than are older folks.  As they mature, they become more like their ascendants.  So the more mature a person is, the less likely they are to be like their Sun sign.</p>
<p><strong>Lesson 12:  Exception</strong></p>
<p>If the Sun is connected to the person&#8217;s ascendant, they will stay connected to their Sun sign throughout life.  For examples, Leo rising, Sun in first house, or Sun conjunct to the lord of the first house.</p>
<p><strong>That&#8217;s It For Now</strong></p>
<p>That&#8217;s it for now, jadies and lentilmen.  Come back next time to acquire further erudition.</p>
<blockquote><p>Erik Vermilion has been studying, practicing, and researching astrology since 1967, often full-time.  Check out his online resources:</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Finance and Banking Education</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/finance-and-banking-education.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/finance-and-banking-education.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Jan 2008 12:32:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Those who are entering into various fields of business will be wise to seek good Finance and Banking education. Courses in the field can encompass a broad variety of topics relevant to the financial industry. You can get good training in finance and banking right at your local school!
In general, vocational schools will offer education [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Those who are entering into various fields of business will be wise to seek good Finance and Banking education. Courses in the field can encompass a broad variety of topics relevant to the financial industry. You can get good training in finance and banking right at your local school!</p>
<p>In general, vocational schools will offer education leading to a certificate of completion, or a two-year Associate of Science (AS) degree. Vocational courses in finance and banking can include topics such as Accounting, Bank Operations, Banking Law, Basic Economics, Business, Business Math, Computer Technology, Communications, Human Relations, Management, and Sales.</p>
<p>Finance and Banking schools may also provide specialized classes in Bank Management, Investment Banking, Public Relations, Marketing, Business Finance, Commercial Lending, Consumer Law and Lending Practices, Home Mortgages, and Real Estate and Real Property. An AS degree would be a good first step, and would qualify the student to enroll in a Bachelor degree program, and then a Master degree program, if desired.</p>
<p>Those who possess Associate or Bachelor degrees in Finance and Banking may acquire gainful employment as account clerks, bank tellers, budget analysts, and customer service representatives. Other career opportunities would include financial managers, insurance sales agents and underwriters, loan and credit clerks, loan officers and counselors, and real estate brokers and/or sales agents. Earning potential for those with graduate degrees, including Master Degrees in Finance and Banking, can climb as high as $100k or more per year.</p>
<p>If you are interested in the financial aspects of the business world, you can find <a href="http://www.schoolsgalore.com/categories/2/finance_banking_schools.html" target="_new">schools offering Finance and Banking education</a> in your area today. Submit a request to several and gather up all the information they send to make a choice for a successful future.</p>
<p>DISCLAIMER: Above is a GENERAL OVERVIEW and may or may not reflect specific practices, courses and/or services associated with ANY ONE particular school(s) that is or is not advertised on SchoolsGalore.com.</p>
<p>Copyright 2007 &#8211; All rights reserved by Media Positive Communications, Inc.</p>
<p>Notice: Publishers are free to use this article on an ezine or website, provided the article is reprinted in its entirety, including copyright and disclaimer, and ALL links remain intact and active.</p>
<blockquote><p>Michael Bustamante is a staff writer for Media Positive Communications, Inc. in association with SchoolsGalore.com. Find schools providing <a href="http://www.schoolsgalore.com/categories/3/finance_banking_schools.html" target="_new">Finance and Banking education</a>, as well as Colleges, Universities, Online Schools and Vocational Schools at <a href="http://www.schoolsgalore.com" target="_new">SchoolsGalore.com</a>, your resource for higher education.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Group Discussions &#8211; How Do They Improve Your Grades</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/group-discussions-how-do-they-improve-your-grades.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/group-discussions-how-do-they-improve-your-grades.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 03 Nov 2007 06:04:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[How does group discussions help in improving your grades? 
To understand concepts:
&#8216;As iron sharpens iron so one man sharpens another&#8217;. Proverbs 27:17
With group discussion the students can develop their skills and understandings which involving reasoning and problem-solving. They can understand concepts better. Group discussions are more effective environments for exploring, and possibly shaping, the values [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>How does group discussions help in improving your grades? </strong></p>
<p><strong>To understand concepts:</strong><br />
<strong>&#8216;As iron sharpens iron so one man sharpens another&#8217;. Proverbs 27:17</strong></p>
<p>With group discussion the students can develop their skills and understandings which involving reasoning and problem-solving. They can understand concepts better. Group discussions are more effective environments for exploring, and possibly shaping, the values and attitudes of students.</p>
<p>To understand concepts better the students need to think and group discussions pave the way for students to think.  If students are expected to learn to evaluate evidence and data, analyze or think critically, then the importance of participation in these discussions is a must.</p>
<p><strong>To clear doubts: </strong></p>
<p>With the group discussions there are various chances to clear doubts and uncertainties. It provides an in-depth view which is not attainable from individual questioning. They can clarify what they do not understand in a non-judgmental environment.</p>
<p>Apart from clearing doubts, unexpected ideas and new perspectives can be explored. And by easily building on each other&#8217;s ideas and comments the students are able to synthesize several sources of information.</p>
<p>If there&#8217;s something that that the student does not understand or if he/she does not already have a rehearsed answer, then it&#8217;s recommended  to use these opportunities to gain understanding or solve problems.</p>
<p><strong> To verify if you are on the right track: </strong></p>
<p>Students learn the most when they can take an active part in learning instead of being passive recipients of information. Life can be monotonous and boring if the students have to only listen to teaching and there are chances of them assuming things by their self.</p>
<p>Thus participating in the discussions would help them reveal if they are in the right track and what they have assumed is correct and exact. In addition, they can gain the others &#8216;in-sight&#8217; on a particular topic which reflects their thought pattern. These insights would help the students have a better view of the suggested topic.</p>
<p><strong>Exchange information:</strong></p>
<p>All students inclusive of the ones, who are shy, get a chance to participate and exchange information in desirable ways. Group discussions enable one to draw on the ideas.</p>
<p>Students may work together on improving sentences and may brainstorm together on the development of facts and information. They can have meaningful discussions and exchange facts about how they fit what they are learning into their construct of the world.</p>
<p>Engaging in a two-way exchange lets them explore ideas rather than just answer questions. They provide an atmosphere for students to create view from different perspectives, improve their communication, expression skills and collaborative skills.</p>
<p><strong>Being in the group is an enjoyable experience. </strong></p>
<p>Group discussion gives you the experience of working in a team. It&#8217;s easy to plan questions that automatically include everyone because the students are less intimidated as they are not answering as an individual, but as a group.</p>
<p>It can be especially valuable as it provides an excellent means to help students develop a working rapport. Working in a group has got a lot of advantages. It helps the students to build an effective team.</p>
<p>Each individual can practice the planning and monitoring skills they need, to become good individual problem solvers. Moreover, it is one of those effective methods where the leadership quality [which is very essential for students] can easily be developed.</p>
<blockquote><p>George Tee is the founder of the site for <a href="http://www.secretsofstudying.com" target="_New">Secretsofstudying.com</a>, helping students to suceed academically. He is the author of the ebook &#8220;Secrets Of Scoring A&#8217;s&#8221;. <strong>Get more advanced studying strategies at <a href="http://www.secretsofstudying.com" target="_New">SecretsofStudying.com</a></strong></p></blockquote>
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		<title>Online Education, The Advantages and Disadvantages</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/online-education-the-advantages-and-disadvantages.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/online-education-the-advantages-and-disadvantages.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 03 Nov 2007 05:28:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Ensure you do the Groundwork before Making a Decision
There has been a huge increase in online schools and colleges across the United Kingdom, North America and the United States in the past couple of years, which shows that there is an increasing popularity of online education and learning. However, jumping into online education without doing [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ensure you do the Groundwork before Making a Decision</p>
<p>There has been a huge increase in online schools and colleges across the United Kingdom, North America and the United States in the past couple of years, which shows that there is an increasing popularity of online education and learning. However, jumping into online education without doing the groundwork can be dangerous, as educational needs of students do vary quite a lot depending on their levels of intelligence and social and economic status. Therefore, the student&#8217;s parents and tutors must ensure that the students weigh all the pros and cons of an online education and prompt them to decide the best course of action. The aim of this article is to educate the student&#8217;s on some of the more major advantages and disadvantages of an online education.</p>
<p>The Advantages of an Online Education</p>
<p>Accessibility: The Distance from a university campus is no longer a barrier in the education of students. Today&#8217;s generation have the advantage of utilizing time effectively, since there are numerous choices in distant online education for them. For the student to access online education, all he or she needs is a personal computer with internet access with which he or she can find the desired courses online and enrol. The online education systems ensure that the student&#8217;s put all their energies into studies.</p>
<p>A Flexible schedule: The good thing about an online education is its effective use of time. As a student of online education, you have the ability to maintain a flexible schedule, which is of particular help when you are working simultaneously.</p>
<p>Student-Centred Learning: As a student of online learning, it is you who dictates your learning experience. As your tutor will not be teaching you all of the time, you can prioritize your schedule and complete any and all assignments accordingly. You will also be given the choice of which learning methodology you wish to use, such as audio, visual, or oral components.   Fair Playing Field: Online education is in vogue also as it provides a level playing field for all the students. Learning online provides a situation where decision-making is not based on the candidates&#8217; gender, ethnicity, physical appearance, or race. Instead, the evaluation is only based on your performance. The provision of this fair-playing field has significantly contributed to the popularity of online education.</p>
<p>Disadvantages</p>
<p>Employment: Not many industries will acknowledge an online professional degree.</p>
<p>Oral Communication: Since, the majority of online learning systems encourage communication through e-mails and text chatting only, the student&#8217;s may be deprived of the ability to improve their oral communication skills.</p>
<p>Fraud: A large number of online courses are not accredited and hence are not valid.</p>
<p>Courses: Not all of the courses which are available elsewhere are available online.</p>
<p>Moreover, online learning requires a complete dedication and patience from the students to ensure they achieve superb results. It is most advisable that the students first, patiently and persistently familiarize themselves with online learning technology. Additionally, they need to always keep themselves abreast of the latest updates within the online education system, since there will be no instructor to turn to in this respect.</p>
<blockquote><p>James McLean Bowie is an author and book dealer who resides in East Yorkshire England. He owns a number of websites, two of which are, <a href="http://bowiebiz.com" target="_new">http://bowiebiz.com</a> and <a href="http://bowieukbooks.com" target="_new">http://bowieukbooks.com</a></p></blockquote>
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		<title>5 Years at School Versus a Few Hours at Home</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/5-years-at-school-versus-a-few-hours-at-home.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/5-years-at-school-versus-a-few-hours-at-home.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2007 04:32:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Not so long ago, I did some touring around Europe. At that stage, my Spanish was by no means fluent. I had bought the product Rocket Spanish and used it for a couple of months. However, it wasn&#8217;t until one night in a bar that I realised how well you can learn a language using [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Not so long ago, I did some touring around Europe. At that stage, my Spanish was by no means fluent. I had bought the product Rocket Spanish and used it for a couple of months. However, it wasn&#8217;t until one night in a bar that I realised how well you can learn a language using an audio and software product like Rocket German.</p>
<p>So I was at a bar in Barcelona. Nothing special there, I had spent most of my nights in Barcelona at some bar or club. But what made that night special was the Japanese couple I bumped into. I had studied Japanese in school for 5 years and I actually did quite well at it. However, that night, I realised how poor I actually spoke Japanese. Sure, I could still remember how to read and write in their language, and I remembered quite a few  grammatical rules, but when it came to actually conversing with the Japanese, I was really struggling.</p>
<p>As I began to falter with my Japanese, I asked the couple whether they spoke any English. They didn&#8217;t. So the only thing left was to use my Spanish. As it was, the Japanese man lived in Spain and spoke fluent Spanish. Now, I wasn&#8217;t very confident in my Spanish, but I thought, it&#8217;s either this, or I&#8217;ll have to revert to hand signals. So I began talking and asking questions in Spanish. The conversation wasn&#8217;t anything unusual and after a few minutes I left the couple and went back to my friends.</p>
<p>It didn&#8217;t hit me until I got back to my friends, that I&#8217;d actually been able to communicate better in Spanish, than I was in Japanese. I thought this was pretty interesting. I spent 5 years of high school learning all about Japanese and yet I was able to communicate better in a language, where my only exposure was listening to some audio cds for maybe 15 hours.</p>
<p>For all those people who claim that learning via audio CDs is inferior to formal classes, this would make an interesting read. It also speaks volumes about the quality of Rocket Spanish. I don&#8217;t want to go into too much detail here, if you want a full review of Rocket Spanish, then you should visit my site in the link below.</p>
<blockquote><p>Anthony Dwyer runs the popular and free website, <a href="http://www.JiffySpanish.com" target="_New"> Learn Spanish </a> which has free lessons on how to speak Spanish, information on grammar, verbs, adjectives, culture and much, much more.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>The Obviousness of Chemical Compounds in Patent Applications</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/the-obviousness-of-chemical-compounds-in-patent-applications.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/the-obviousness-of-chemical-compounds-in-patent-applications.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Oct 2007 08:03:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[A patentable invention is an invention that is “novel” under 35 U.S.C.A. § 102, “useful” under 35 U.S.C.A. § 101, and “nonobvious” under 35 U.S.C.A. § 103. Section 103(a) of the Patent Act sets forth the parameter of the obviousness requirement:
A patent may not be obtained though the invention is not identically disclosed or described [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A patentable invention is an invention that is “novel” under 35 U.S.C.A. § 102, “useful” under 35 U.S.C.A. § 101, and “nonobvious” under 35 U.S.C.A. § 103. Section 103(a) of the Patent Act sets forth the parameter of the obviousness requirement:</p>
<p>A patent may not be obtained though the invention is not identically disclosed or described as set forth in Section 102 of this title, if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art must not be such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains.</p>
<p>In Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 17 (1966), the United States Supreme Court interpreted this language to mean that the ultimate determination on the issue of obviousness is treated as a question of law but is based on factual inquires that include (1) the scope and content of the prior art; (2) the differences between the prior art and the claimed invention; (3) the level of skill in the art; and (4) the objective evidence of non-obviousness.</p>
<p>To obtain a patent on a new chemical compound, the compound must meet the nonobviousness requirement at the time it is invented. Special issues, however, arise with chemical patents because unlike electrical and mechanical sciences, chemistry is an unpredictable art. Minor changes in structures can dramatically affect a compound&#8217;s properties. Thus, it is inherently difficult for a court to determine the obviousness of a claimed compound with a similar structure to that of a prior art.</p>
<p>The extent of the challenge to determine the obviousness of chemical compounds can be illustrated by the issues faced by the court in Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. v. Danbury Pharmacal, 231 F.3d 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2000).  In  Yamanouchi, the dispute centered on whether one skilled in the art would have considered it obvious to make the drug Famotidine by (1) combining the polar tail from lead compound 44 with the modified heterocycle from Tiotidine to form an intermediate compound, and (2) substituting the carbamoyl group in the intermediate compound with a sulfamoyl group to create Famotidine as shown below in Scheme 1. It was well known that both Tiotidine and Tagamet were prior compounds, of which Tagamet was a successful drug in market place while Tiotidine failed in preclinical trials due to its high toxicity. Both compounds, however, showed high efficacy as inhibitors of gastric acid secretion.</p>
<p>The court in Yamanouchi upheld the patent against an assertion of obviousness. Id. at 1345. The court explained, “For a chemical compound, a prima facie case of obviousness requires a showing of ‘structural similarity between claimed and prior art subject matter … where the prior art gives reason or motivation to make the claimed compositions.’”  Id. at 1343 (quoting In re Dillon, 919 F.3d 688, 692 (Fed. Cir. 1990)). Even though the claimed compound failed the test of structural similarity, the Yamanouchi court invalidated a prima facie case of obviousness based on a lack of motivation to combine the prior art to make the claimed invention with similar biological function to that of the prior art.</p>
<p>A. Structural similarity</p>
<p>Structural similarity between chemical compounds has effectively created a unique and troublesome area of patent law. In re Jones, 958 F.2d 347, 350 (Fed. Cir. 1992). In determining the obviousness of a traditional chemical compound, courts previously focused on the similarity between the structures of a claimed compound and that of a compound disclosed in the prior art. In re Hass, 141 F.2d 122 (C.C.P.A 1944); In re Henze, 181 F.2d 196 (C.C.P.A. 1950).</p>
<p>In Hass, the claimed compound was a homolog of a prior art compound (Scheme 2). See Hass, 141 F.2d at 125. There was only one more carbon unit in the claimed compound than that in the prior art. The Court of Claims and Patent Appeals held that the claimed compound was not patentable unless it revealed “some nonobvious or unexpected beneficial properties not possessed by the homologous compound disclosed in the prior art.” Id. The general principle behind the court’s decision was that chemical and physical properties vary only slightly between members of a homologous series. Id. The Henze case transformed this principle into a presumption that was rebuttable if the applicant showed “that the claimed compound possesses unobvious or unexpected beneficial properties not actually possessed by the prior art homologues.” In re Henze, 181 F.2d at 201. Clearly both courts perceived chemical structure and chemical properties as two different considerations. Therefore, for structurally similar chemical homologues, a new compound was deemed prima facie obvious because a chemist could expect or predict that the new chemical compound would have the same properties in a given system as did a similar prior art compound.</p>
<p>B. Inseparable structure and its properties</p>
<p>After section 103 was enacted, courts gradually moved to a more holistic view of chemical compounds that considered chemical properties in addition to chemical structures. In re Papesch, 315 F.2d 381 (C.C.P.A. 1971). In ­Papesch, an applicant claimed a family of compounds including representative compound 2,4,6-triethylpyrazolo(4,3-d)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimidine-5,7-dione (ethyl = CH2CH3), which was admittedly “structurally obvious” in light of a claimed compound 2,4,6-trimethylpyrazolo(4,3-d)-4,5,6.7-tetrahydropyrimidine-5,7-dione (methyl = CH3) as shown in Scheme 3. Id. at 384.</p>
<p>Comparative tests of the trimethyl compound and the applicant’s triethyl compound showed that the latter was an active anti-inflammatory agent while the prior art compound was completely inactive for that utility. The Papesch court stated that the properties of compounds were relevant to obviousness, emphasizing that the invention as a whole was a compound with its own properties. Id. at 390. Additionally, the court found that proof of non-obvious or unexpectedly advantageous properties not shared by the prior art compound may rebut a prima facie case of obviousness. Id. at 391.</p>
<p>A compound and all of its properties are inseparable; they are one and the same thing …. But a formula is not a compound and while it may serve in a claim to identity what is being patented, as the metes and bounds of a deed identify a plot of land, the thing that is patented is not the formula but the compound identified by it. And the patentability of the thing does not depend on the similarity of its formula to that of another compound but of the similarity of the former compound to the latter. There is no basis in law for ignoring any property in making such a comparison.  Id.</p>
<p>Thus the court generously encouraged chemical patent applications as long as a claimed invention could demonstrate new properties even though the claimed compound shared a similar structure with a prior art compound. The Papesch court, however, did not deal with the requirements for establishing a prima facie case of obviousness. The court only held that, for cases with a presumption of obviousness, an examiner had to consider both the properties of the invention and the structural similarity. Id.</p>
<blockquote><p>Michael Guth is a legal editor who helps polish legal drafting by other attorneys.  While in law school, he won an award for having the best brief written by a first-year law school student.  He can be reached through the email link on web page<br />
<a href="http://michaelguth.com" target="_new">http://michaelguth.com</a></p></blockquote>
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		<title>Put Physics in Everyday Life</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/put-physics-in-everyday-life.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/put-physics-in-everyday-life.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Oct 2007 05:39:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[My friends have been a little old for college. But it has been a second chance for them, or rather a third one&#8230;
So this time they wanted to do it right.
Unfortunately, their curriculum included Physics. Colleges usually discourage specialization. Colleges want graduates to be more or less universally educated.
They were my friends, so quite naturally [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>My friends have been a little old for college. But it has been a second chance for them, or rather a third one&#8230;</p>
<p>So this time they wanted to do it right.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, their curriculum included Physics. Colleges usually discourage specialization. Colleges want graduates to be more or less universally educated.</p>
<p>They were my friends, so quite naturally they turned to me to get the extra explanations they felt they&#8217;d need to swallow that indigestible stuff. Teach me physics. And I explained. And waved my hands. And &#8230;  &#8211; and I finally realized that it was not physics in the first place, but some concepts of Maths they had not taken on! Especially the concepts of derivation and integration. My gosh!</p>
<p>So I went there. I started to talk about derivatives. And that a derivative basically is a slope. And that you can visualize a derivative as the slope of the tangent to the point in question.</p>
<p>Did I mention that my friends were slightly above normal college age? If you are slightly above college age, you have learned that only things matter which have a bearing on your very life. Subconsciously, that is. Consciously all you realize is that you feel very uncomfortable when you try to follow a logical sequence of thoughts without seeing the benefit. You find it VERY hard to do exercise problems, because they are good for nothing (except exercise), the solution is already known, and the situation is generally so oversimplified that this well-known solution does not correspond to any real life solution of any real life problem.</p>
<p>So they came back on me: &#8220;But WHAT is a derivative GOOD for in the end?&#8221;</p>
<p>Well, I understood. I had to find an example of their daily struggles to motivate them to get acquainted with the idea of infinitesimal calculus.</p>
<p>So I went on: &#8220;Just imagine: You drive your car from point A to point B. let&#8217;s say the distance is 20 miles. And you take 20 min to arrive. How fast are you?&#8221; They got the answer immediately: &#8220;60 Mph !&#8221;. But I was not content. &#8220;Really? Look, what happens &#8211; you start your car. Do you instantly jump to 60 Mph? And after arrival, you normally don&#8217;t hit a brick wall and come to an instant halt, do you?&#8221;</p>
<p>They got the idea. &#8220;No, of course not, we have to start and first pick up speed, and than before we arrive, we have to slow down and gradually come to a stop. And if we have to do all in twenty minutes, our speedometer will be above 60 somewhere in the middle of the journey.&#8221;</p>
<p>That was the word for which I had hoped: Speedometer!</p>
<p>&#8220;So you say you drive above 60 miles per hour, but not for an hour, you are actually only moving a couple of minutes! And even then, your speed is not constant, bur rather varies constantly!!&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;What are you driving at with all that imaginary driving??&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;Well, didn&#8217;t you ask what a derivative is good for? Here you have it: The speedometer shows you the derivative of your local displacement with respect to time, because that&#8217;s what speed is. And if you look at the needle of the speedometer and how it moves when showing your variable speed, the speed of that needle movement goes with the second derivative, the acceleration!&#8221;</p>
<p>Now we got it. Finally a sigh: &#8220;So there is a derivative built in to my car!&#8221;</p>
<p>Yes. One step further. Because there is no understanding without motivation. If you want to see more &#8220;physics&#8221; from the angle of a &#8220;normal&#8221; person, have a look here:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.physics.global-momentum.net" target="_new">www.physics.global-momentum.net</a></p>
<p>Regards<br />
Thomas Oestereich</p>
<blockquote><p>After 20 years of being a physicist, Dr. Thomas Oestereich turned from scientific research to a life as an author and editor of his home school curriculum. He now seeks to help his readers gain access to the insights of physics. Bringing the achievements of science to a larger public, he hopes to finally contribute to a better knowledge of the options and constraints of decision making in our democratic society.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Need College Funds? Check Out Student Loan Programs</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/need-college-funds-check-out-student-loan-programs.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/need-college-funds-check-out-student-loan-programs.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Oct 2007 05:02:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[If you&#8217;ve spent three or even four years going through college then you&#8217;ll know
how hard it is to leave it all behind. It&#8217;s kind of home from home, where you&#8217;re
surrounded by like minds, and it can be a real wrench when you finally do
graduate, even though that was your original aim in going there.
Or maybe [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If you&#8217;ve spent three or even four years going through college then you&#8217;ll know<br />
how hard it is to leave it all behind. It&#8217;s kind of home from home, where you&#8217;re<br />
surrounded by like minds, and it can be a real wrench when you finally do<br />
graduate, even though that was your original aim in going there.</p>
<p>Or maybe you haven&#8217;t been through college or university at all, but are just<br />
setting out. If so, the anticipation and feelings of liberation and prospects of<br />
a glorious future will be uppermost. Finishing college can be a relief, just as<br />
it can be a downer. And starting out too can be a source of anxiety, especially<br />
if you haven&#8217;t yet sorted out your finances. The question is, have you just<br />
winged it and left it all to chance, or are you a planner who has everything<br />
nailed down, done and dusted, in terms of student loan programs?</p>
<p>One thing you will know, whether your fees are already taken care of or<br />
not, is the high cost of higher education. And the fact is the costs aren&#8217;t<br />
getting any cheaper either. The tuition runs into literally thousands of<br />
dollars: think somewhere along the lines of twenty grand per annum; plus<br />
you&#8217;ve got your living expenses on top: you know, the drag of rent (unless<br />
you&#8217;re lucky enough to live at home rent-free) plus food, not to mention<br />
your course textbooks.</p>
<p>So unless you&#8217;re the beneficiary of decent scholarships or handouts from<br />
wealthy relatives, you could almost certainly do with checking out student<br />
loan programs, no? Most students need some kind of financial aid and the<br />
student loans and grants route is a pretty commonplace one.</p>
<p>You might want to start by looking into the Stafford student loan, plus get<br />
yourself as many grants and scholarships as possible as these don&#8217;t require<br />
repayment. Look into state grants as well as private ones to help cover tuition<br />
costs. When you&#8217;re desperate for funds it really pays to check out every possible<br />
source, especially the kind you get for free.</p>
<p>Even if you&#8217;re still in high school and college seems quite a way off, it&#8217;s<br />
worth putting out financial feelers at this early stage so you&#8217;re under less<br />
pressure later. The Internet is a great research tool to this end and can<br />
help you find the student loan programs you need, so make use of its<br />
plentiful resources today. <a href="http://www.LoansAndCapital.com" target="_new">www.LoansAndCapital.com</a> offers useful advice<br />
and tips on sourcing all kinds of loans.</p>
<blockquote><p>Jay Rich is the founder of <a href="http://www.LoansAndCapital.com" target="_new">http://www.LoansAndCapital.com</a> If you&#8217;re looking for <a href="http://www.loansandcapital.com/for-student-loans.html" target="_new">student loans</a>, college financial aid, or any other kind of loan and helpful funding info, visit our site for the loan that&#8217;s right for you.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>What Are Accredited Online Degree Programs?</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/what-are-accredited-online-degree-programs.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/what-are-accredited-online-degree-programs.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 04 Mar 2007 11:15:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[By Amba Dubois
Accredited online degree programs are college programs that are offered over the Internet by certified schools and universities. Accredited online degree programs are tested and approved by state or national education review boards. There are many different types being offered on the Internet. These programs include degrees in many different fields such as [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>By Amba Dubois</strong></p>
<p>Accredited online degree programs are college programs that are offered over the Internet by certified schools and universities. Accredited online degree programs are tested and approved by state or national education review boards. There are many different types being offered on the Internet. These programs include degrees in many different fields such as accounting, law, business management and healthcare.</p>
<p>A few well-known schools that offer accredited online degree programs are Phoenix University, Concord Law School and Pierce University. Accredited online degree programs usually offer a completely off-site program, meaning that the student can access everything they will need to earn a degree from the comfort of their own home.<br />
Also, these online degree programs usually offer downloadable lessons that can be accessed and completed at any time during the day or night. However, some programs do require the attendance of virtual meetings or classes that are put on at certain times throughout the day via the Internet.</p>
<p>To find out which degree program is right for you, you first need to choose a field of education that interests you. After defining your field of interest, seek out a school that specializes in that field. Accredited online degree programs are very useful for those individuals seeking to further their education while continuing full-time at their present job. Some even offer credits for work already completed in the same field as the sought after degree. These credits are usually based on work or life experience. Also, some programs accept credits from other colleges.</p>
<p>Applying prior credits toward accredited online degree programs will help to shorten the length of time required to receive your new bachelor&#8217;s or master&#8217;s degree. While some programs can take up to four years to complete, prior credits can reduce your education time by up to two years.</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>About the author:</strong><br />
Amba is the owner of <a href="http://www.on-line--education.com">http://www.on-line&#8211;education.com</a> a website that contains all the latest resources and information relating to on-line degrees. Visit <a href="http://www.on-line--education.com">http://www.on-line&#8211;education.com</a><br />
Sign up to our free Newsletter to receive additional articles on a regular basis.<br />
email@on-line&#8211;education.com</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Why You Should Choose An Accredited Online Degree</title>
		<link>http://www.naimp.com/education/why-you-should-choose-an-accredited-online-degree.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.naimp.com/education/why-you-should-choose-an-accredited-online-degree.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 04 Mar 2007 11:04:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Naimp</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[By Amba Dubois
An accredited online degree is a college degree that is received through Internet studies offered by an accredited college. This means that the school or university that is offering the degree has been approved by a national or state board of education.
In order to offer an accredited online degree a college must offer [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>By Amba Dubois</strong></p>
<p>An accredited online degree is a college degree that is received through Internet studies offered by an accredited college. This means that the school or university that is offering the degree has been approved by a national or state board of education.</p>
<p>In order to offer an accredited online degree a college must offer its course work and lesson requirements to the board of education for approval. The board will then go through that course work and make sure that it adheres to the industry standards for completion.</p>
<p>When contemplating completing any type of degree over the Internet it is best to do so with an accredited online degree provider. Accredited degrees are more reputable and the credits transfer to other schools should you ever decide to further your education again.<br />
Online degrees can come in many forms. You can earn an associate&#8217;s degree, bachelors or masters degree or even a course completion certification diploma.</p>
<p>To earn a masters accredited degree online, you must first possess a bachelors degree from a regular or online college. To earn a bachelors accredited online degree, you need to have at least a high school diploma or G.E.D. With both degrees, you can shorten the amount of time it takes to complete by having prior college credits or related work experience.</p>
<p>It usually takes about three years to complete an accredited online degree. This time frame is based on a curriculum of at least twenty hours of course work a week. Some degrees, like a specialized law degree, can take up to four years to complete.<br />
By choosing an accredited online degree program as opposed to a regular degree program, you are choosing a degree of a higher standard. With an accredited degree, there will be more choices opened up to you and more occasions for advancement.</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>About the author:</strong><br />
Amba is the owner of <a href="http://www.on-line--education.com">http://www.on-line&#8211;education.com</a> a website that contains all the latest resources and information relating to on-line degrees. Visit <a href="http://www.on-line--education.com">http://www.on-line&#8211;education.com</a><br />
Sign up to our free Newsletter to receive additional articles on a regular basis.his article may be reproduced in its entirety only if unaltered and the resource box is included.mail@on-line&#8211;education.com</p></blockquote>
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